Le date più antiche

The oldest archaeological data

In questa pagina sono riunite le date più antiche della relazione umana con le principali fonti inebrianti di natura vegetale che sono sinora state individuate dalla ricerca archeologica. È importante osservare come queste date non siano da intendere come le più antiche in assoluto, ma si riferiscono a quelle per ora determinate dall’evidenza archeologica, diretta o indiretta (per queste definizioni si veda Archeologia delle droghe), e sono probabilmente destinate a essere modificate a ritroso nel tempo di pari passo con gli sviluppi dei futuri scavi e scoperte. Questa lista, che avevo esposto in forma preliminare in alcune pubblicazioni (Samorini, 2017a,b, 2019), sarà qui soggetta a un continuo aggiornamento.

Per molte delle fonti inebrianti presenti in questa lista sono presentate nella sezione Archeologia degli studi approfonditi.

Legenda: [d]: evidenza diretta; [i] evidenza indiretta; AEV: Avanti l’Era Volgare; EV: Era Volgare

Fonti alcoliche

Birra (da Hordeum spp.) [d] — 11000 AEV (Israele) [Liu et al., 2018]

Vino (da Vitis vinifera) [d] —5800 AEV (Georgia) [Lordkipanidze, 2011]

Idromele [d] —4100 AEV (Spagna) [Juan-Stresseras & Matamala, 2005]

Sidro (da Pyrus sp.) [d] — 2500 AEV (Spagna) [Rojo-Guerra et al., 2008]

Chicha (da Zea maydis) [d] — 800 AEV (Bolivia) [Logan et al., 2012]

Chicha de molle (da Schinus molle) — 500 AEV (Peru) [Goldstein & Coleman, 2004]

Pulque (da Agave spp.) [i] — 400 EV (Messico) [Zizumbo-Villareal et al., 2009]

Vecchio Mondo

Leshoma (Boophone disticha) [d] — 60000 EV (Sud Africa) [Isaksson et al., 2026]

Ephedra spp. [d] — 1300 AEV (Marocco) [Morales et al., 2024]

Canapa (Cannabis) [d] — 12000 AEV (Asia Orientale) [Ren et al., 2021]

Betel (Areca catechu) [d] — 7000 AEV (Tailandia) [Gorman, 1970]

Ninfea (Nymphaea spp.) [d] — 6000 AEV (Egitto) [Hather, 1995]

Funghi psilocibinici [i] — 6000 AEV (Sahara) [Samorini, 1992]

Papavero da oppio (P. somn. sbsp. somn.) [d] — 5600 AEV (Italia) [Rottoli, 1993]

Stramonio (Datura stramonium) [d] — 5500 AEV (Ucraina) [Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, 2012]

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) [d] — 4500 AEV (Romania) [Toderas et al., 2009]

Pègano (Peganum harmala) [d] — 3700-3500 AEV (Egitto) [Zeist & De Roller, 1993]

The (Camellia sinensis) [d] — 3440 AEV (Zhejiang, Cina) [Nakamura, 2009]

Lattuga (Lactuca serriola) [i] — 2500 AEV (Egitto) [Keimer, 1924]

Giusquiamo (Hyoscyamus spp.) [d] — 2500 AEV (Francia) [Lundström-Baudais, 1984]

Agarico muscario (Amanita muscaria) [i] — 1500 AEV (Siberia) [Dikov, 1971]

Mandragora (Mandragora spp.) [d] — 1400 AEV (Egitto) [Germer, 1985]

Kava (Piper methysticum) [i] — 1200 AEV (area Nuova Guinea) [Lebot et al., 1997: 53]

Ergot (Claviceps spp., per scopi rituali) [d] — 1500 AEV (Italia) [Aprile et al., 2016]

Nuovo Mondo

Tabacco (Nicotiana spp.) [d] — 10300 AEV (Utah, USA) [Duke et al., 2021]

San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) [d] — 8600 AEV (Peru) [Lynch, 1980: 101]

Mescalbean (Sophora secundiflora) [d] — 8440 AEV (Texas, USA) [Adovasio & Fry, 1976]

Coca (Erythroxylum spp.) [d] — 6000 AEV (Peru) [Dillehay et al., 2010]

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) [d] — 3300 AEV (Ecuador) [Zarrillo et al., 2018]

Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [d] — 3200 AEV (Texas, USA) [Terry et al., 2005]

Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina) [d] — 2100 AEV (Argentina) [Fernández Distel, 1980: 65]

Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina) [i] — 1000 AEV (Antille) [Ostapkowicz, 2012]

Datura (Datura spp.) [d] — 1400 AEV (Messico) [King et al., 2018]

Funghi psilocibinici e/o A. muscaria [i] — 1000 AEV (Guatemala) [Mayer, 1977]

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) [d] — 650 AEV-500 EV (Argentina) [Capparelli et al., 2006]

Ololiuhqui (Ipomoea corymbosa) [d] — 0 EV (Messico) [Lentz et al., 2024]

Ipomoea spp. [d] — 800 EV (Texas, USA) [Crane, 1982: 86]

Black drink (Ilex vomitoria) [d] — 750 EV (Nord America) [Crown et al., 2015]

Guayusa (Ilex guayusa) [d] — 375 EV (Bolivia) [Wassén, 1972]

Yauhtli (Tagetes lucida) [d] — 250-600 EV (Messico) [Zimmermann et al., 2021]

Ninfea (Nymphaea ampla) [I] — 250 EV (Messico) [McDonald & Stross, 2012]

Si vedano anche:

• Archeologia delle droghe
• Sezione Archeologia

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